Hence why, when each Evangelist is symbolized by one of the Four Living Creatures from Ezekiel’s chariot (Ezekiel 1 and Revelation 4:6-8), John is the eagle, for that is the creature that can stare directly into the sun and see clearly. John was identified as the disciple whom Jesus loved, who reclined on Him at the Last Supper (John 13:23-25) it was later thought that John received the gift of prophecy when he lay his head over Jesus’s heart. Objections to his authorship were raised as early as the second century C.E., and there was debate through the fourth century over whether even to include this alarming book of prophecy into the canon of biblical scripture.Ī millennium later, however, Revelation’s association with John was not an embarrassment to be overlooked but a feature to be celebrated. Traditionally, Revelation has been attributed to the Apostle John, believed also to be the author of a Gospel as well as three epistles. The Book of Revelation recounts a series of frightening and mysterious events unleashed upon earth as part of a cosmic battle between heavenly and demonic forces. (Further below on this happy correction!) Aside from studying manuscripts, her favorite way to encounter the past is through long-distance walking.ĭemons fleeing statues, corpses reanimating, stones transformed into gold: who knew that seeing a seven-headed beast would not be the most freakish thing to happen to someone? Yet these incidents and more are present in the several illuminated Apocalypses held in the NYPL’s Manuscripts and Rare Books collections-including in a book that was previously thought to be incomplete. Her current research explores illuminated English Apocalypses in particular, she is curious about their afterlives, the different ways that later medieval and Reformed readers interacted with and re-purposed these books. Guest post by Karen Gross who is Associate Professor of English at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon, where she teaches courses on the Middle Ages.
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